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阮素珮 31919万字 63118人读过 连载
记：如果你厌倦了伦敦，你就厌倦了生活——山缪尔·约翰逊Samuel Johnson。伦敦回来已经2月有余，刚回来就想将这几天的经历分享给大家，于是邂逅了8264.来过，就不曾离开。也在这里认识了很多朋友，一篇篇的游记，一张张的照片，挑动的是内心同样的神经。我知道，青春从未逝去，因为有8264，让青春和梦想再次起航！之前因自己用苹果照的，未能将美丽多彩的伦敦展现给大家，让我苦恼了好大一阵（之前帖子链接伦敦，我来了）。还好前几天收到大洋彼岸的一份包裹，里面有这次活动的全部照片，于是便整理一下再次呈现。一样的旅程，不一样的精彩！！D4出品，必属精品。豪门盛宴，马上开始。。。Awards-临行前的晚宴 ([]
最新章节： 第521章 盗御马 （ 2024-06-04 00:21:44）
更新时间： 2024-06-04 02:30:09
- 第1章 热爱就一起
- 第2章 圣墟
- 第3章 五等分の気持ち
- 第4章 万古神帝
- 第5章 郑爽加盟北京春晚
- 第6章 印培育出微型蔬菜
- 第7章 浴血黑帮神话
- 第8章 李沁
- 第9章 勇士逆转太阳
- 第10章 帝霸
- 第11章 斗罗大陆5龙王传说
- 第12章 解放·终局营救
- 第13章 潮流合伙人
- 第14章 白岩松再批国足
- 第15章 伊朗接到美国信件
- 第16章 李白
- 第17章 寻情记
- 第18章 比亚迪
- 第19章 蜡笔小新
- 第20章 李沁
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- 第550章 东宫
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- 第552章 梦回
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- 第555章 天官赐福
- 第556章 一人之下全职法师
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阮素珮走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
日本精品V中文字幕
张静雯飞越黔东南之 岜沙——最后的枪手部落（诗歌） 作者：FREELAND88 听说居然用镰刀来剃头，黔东南大山里的部落枪手！那是2008年的金秋，我慕名来到岜沙行走！ 寨子里的阳光无限美好，空气中的负离子随处漂流！那高举在山顶的一排排晒谷架，如同远古巨人的一双双擎天的大手！ 四千多年前，你们的领袖是蚩尤——驱赶着牛头的神兽来战斗，直到蚩尤被黄帝——斩首！ 你们来到岜沙是什么时候？你们是否忘记了那淡淡的乡愁？你们当年离开黄河离开长江，是否也一步一回头？ 几千年来你们以狩猎畜牧为生，千百年来你们又开垦了梯田！直到弓箭手变成了火枪手，直到火枪也用来表演以促进文化交流！ 不得不承认岜沙的森林保护得很好，不像沿海地区为了钱什么都可以搞！当贪婪的现代人在审判日被大自然惩罚，我真的希望我的归宿在——黔东南大山里的岜沙！ 后记：在岜沙的传统里，因为贪婪而砍一棵树都是不可饶恕的！我一直偏好的是博大精深的中华文明史和欧洲古典音乐的美妙乐章。在飞翔的路上，我一直在奋力飞翔，我拼命扇动思想的翅膀——试图冲破东西方文明之间的哲学层面上的障碍。直到我有幸在黔东南的大山里体验到这种发自内心的又源于自然的热泪盈眶的感动！我的思想和感情终于水乳交融！我终于知道什么是大历史的角度，什么是古典音乐的内在精神！对于大多数人来说，人生不过几十年；虽然我们的筋骨没有房地产商人的钢筋坚硬，但我们的思想不应被他们的贪婪所禁锢，被这些伊甸园里的蛇引诱！没有自由的思想，何来自由的诗篇和人生？你不受贪婪引诱，方能有自由的人生！大多数贪官正是因为被贪婪引诱而失去自由的人生，注定在监狱里消磨余生！你为什么要砍掉大自然里的一棵树？你为什么要拆掉别人的房子？你为什么要掠夺属于全体人民的财富？因为，你贪婪，你不懂得敬畏自然，不懂得敬畏民众！你该下地狱！伟大的但丁，在神曲中已经描述过了，你将受到什么样的惩罚！而我，在黔东南的仙境中，对你受到的地狱审判付之一笑！2009年6月初，从广东飞向黔东南。由于2008年的摩托单骑走贵州结束的时候在川黔交界处卖掉了那台9年车龄的太子款豪爵，所以这趟旅行只能以穷酸秀才骑蹇驴的面目继续流浪！目，大山纵横的黔东南！从321国道梧州段开始，我骑摩托车，偶遇东莞哥们去西藏太平天国时代的大炮 差点要了我命的这辆廉价摩托车黔东南大山里正在建设的夏蓉高速，侗族山民。正在爬坡，我停下摩托，拍了一张只带了一个12倍的长焦，小学的退休老师们。2008年秋季我曾在这所黔东南的小学做自愿者三个月。一个多月后回到桂林，遇龙桥。阳光灿烂。此前差点在龙胜的大山里出车祸回望贵州（一） 江湖寄意遁孤舟，20年来好飘游。若问风景何处觅？此中最爱是贵州。 (二) 此中最爱是贵州，青山秀水如画轴。苗侗风情使人醉，胜作天地一沙鸥。 （三） 胜作天地一沙鸥，吹却千年万古愁。娄山关前曾驻马，舞阳河上尽逍遥。 (四） 舞阳河上尽逍遥，青龙洞里再问道。记得当年林则徐，云南路上叹山高。 注：当年林则徐去云南监考途中，曾经过镇远，写下了﹤镇远道中﹥一诗。后记：2008年7、8月，我摩托单骑从广东经广西湖南到贵州北部与四川交界处，途经当年红军长征中经过的雄关险隘——娄山关和乌江峡谷，斜穿贵州，此行甚壮，也遭遇暴雨、烂路，狼狈不堪，但风景惊人的美，行程2560公里！飞越黔东南之西江千户苗寨（诗歌）作者：FREELAND88上雷公山之前，我慕名来到这个苗族的寨子游览。站在入口的山坡上，眼前的情景令人惊叹！吊脚楼从小河边一直绵延上山，的确是气势非凡！她的历史非常久远，据说已经有两千年！两千年的雨雪风霜，不朽的是执着的精神！房子已经不是以前的房子，主人早已换了百十代子孙！人生就是一趟无悔的旅行，你们的历史证明苗人精神的顽强！从黄河到长江再到雷公山——你们的祖先曾经备尝艰辛！但你们的文明依然完好无损——如同姑娘们的银饰一样灿烂！再一次向你们致敬——伟大的蚩尤的伟大子孙！（2012-12-31 广州）雷公山飞歌（我的黔东南情结）大山横亘黔东南，车行半空天地宽。深沟巨谷稠人烟，苗民自古开梯田。夏无酷暑春有情，晨歌一曲放苗岭。涿鹿之战五千年，蚩尤子孙满山间。注：1苗族是蚩尤部落的后人，黔东南的雷公山（苗岭主峰，2178米）是他们的聚居地之一。2 有一首名曲：苗岭的早晨。（2010年3月31日于雷公山）广西 蒙山。梁羽生原来是蒙山人。我看过的唯一一部武侠小说是雪山飞狐。忘记是谁写的。历史和古典音乐才是我的最爱。还有到处流浪和诗歌！上帝，快了拯救我吧！2014年打算重走川藏线。得找个女伴。正在努力找！1700张顺手拍下的照片，发到什么时候？我又不会挑照片。这两天有机会上网，很多时候很多地方没有这种无线网络。哥们我又不上网吧。处女座的我有洁癖，对网吧里那些脏兮兮的环境敬而远之。即便在黔东南的大山里也要天天洗澡。侗族人都觉得好笑！！明天又要换地方。就是一条流浪狗！每天都毛色光鲜！喜欢人少的地方。贵州，平日里空荡荡的，都到沿海打工去了，我这个沿海人却迷上了大山！哪个城市里的姑娘喜欢大山？好笑，连大山里的姑娘都恨爹娘少生两只腿，一有机会就逃出大山。([]
久久天堂电影
颜岳威Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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李佩芳喝卡布其诺是幸福的，在零乱肮脏的小店吃一碗面条也是幸福的；去米兰是幸福的，穿越嘎玛沟被蚂蟥吸点血也是幸福的；...珠峰下晒太阳是幸福的，帐篷里梦呓到十二点同样是幸福的。它存在着，就无所谓形式与结果。这就是信仰！ 最近一年，穿越珠峰东坡的环线很火爆。多数队伍都选择从优帕村徒步过晓乌措、晓乌拉路线，很少有从伦珠林村翻越朗玛拉倒穿的队伍。大多数嘎玛沟穿越团队，选择的是翻越桑穷拉、措拉垭口的路线。这次，从嘎玛沟源头一直到陈塘，包括上游全程的完整路线，算是目前为止最完整的嘎玛沟攻略。对于幸福，每个人的理解都不一样，一个人在不同人生阶段也不一样。那么信仰呢？有总比没有好，可想始终恪守虔诚，除了狂热，更需要的是偏执...主：群驴乱舞时间：2012年5月地点：珠峰东坡傲嘎营地人物：后面再一个个单独介绍 [实际行程时间安排]D0，拉萨集合， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-5-1.html 住陆青年旅社。 D1，拉萨—定日县（白坝）， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-6-1.html 包车到白坝，13座依维柯3000元，下午到达白坝，入住雪域E族饭店。 D2，白坝—扎西宗—曲当乡—伦珠林， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-11-1.html 包车经扎西宗乡到达曲当乡，提前经乡领导联系好的牦牛已经到达伦珠林，我们住在曲当珠峰旅馆，边防登记。 D3，伦珠林—拉则营地， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-14-1.html 一早搭货车10余公里到达伦珠林村，和牦牛汇合整装出发，沿着小溪、河谷右侧上行，当天扎营在拉则营地。 D4，拉则营地—朗玛拉—措学仁玛营地—邦布其营地， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-16-1.html 上午1000出发，翻越海拔5360米朗玛拉，经过措学仁玛，湖水结冰，没能看到雪山倒影。 大约1600过措学仁玛营地，1700在邦布其牧场扎营。 D5，邦布其营地—汤湘观景台—俄嘎—巴当—傲嘎， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-21-1.html 早餐后出发，在山坡小道上蜿蜒前行，从汤湘观景台下到沟底俄嘎草地，到达巴当草地后一部分人留在了巴当营地， 一部分继续前往傲嘎营地，牦牛把我们一部分人送到傲嘎后返回巴当营地。 D6，傲嘎—白当—BC—白当—傲嘎—巴当， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-24-1.html 早起，700起床看到日照金山，整理好早出发进入卓穷河谷，经过白当营地，中午到达珠峰东坡BC，下午返回巴当。 牦牛今天又把我们的装备驮回巴当营地，与另一队汇合。 D7，巴当—汤湘—夏浓—措朗湖—卓湘， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-33-1.html 700起床，1100出发，经过汤湘爬升，山腰穿行，经过夏浓牧场到达风景如画的措朗湖营地，下午下到兰花谷在小溪水边扎营。 D8，卓湘—沙基塘， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-41-1.html 很少有人走过这段路线，1000出发，从卓湘牧场三岔路口往南是新路线，向北经兰花谷去晓乌拉为传统线路， 沿河而下，首先经过马卡鲁东坡河谷，过河谷可以去马卡鲁东坡BC。继续行进经过一个小木屋，傍晚到达沙基塘。 D9，沙基塘—晓乌米（嘎玛沟河边营地）， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-47-1.html 上午1100正式出发，中间经过几个木板桥，路过一些废弃石块建筑及潺潺溪流。 这一天，穿越原始森林，晚上在嘎玛沟河边一沙滩地上扎营。途中偶有蚂蟥出现，营地蚂蟥成灾。 D10，嘎玛沟河边营地—陈塘， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-53-1.html 这一天路线较长，早上700起床，1000出发，过夹牛沟，最后看到梯田的时快到陈塘了，再需爬一个大坡后才能进入山腰上的陈塘。 D11，陈塘—藏嘎村—那当村—定结县， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-60-1.html 班车到定结县，去年路修通到那当村，今年路已修到藏嘎村。 D12，定结县—日喀则—拉萨， https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1256837-75-1.html 定结县早上9点前去日喀则的班车，下午到日喀则后换乘去拉萨的班车，傍晚到达拉萨。登场人物， ----兔子，美女哦！ 登场人物， ----没钱不帅，我们的二师兄，帅哥哦！ 登场人物， ----易水寒登场人物， ----边界，我自己~~ 登场人物， ----飞鸟、劳拉、风萧萧，风萧萧兮易水寒~~搭档！登场人物， ----劳拉，只是一个传说！寂寞美女~ 登场人物， ----小鱼，帅气吧~登场人物， ----六折，带头大哥~ 登场人物， ----不帅，近照，我们的收队，尽职尽责~ 登场人物， ----飞鸟，化石专家！嘿嘿~ 登场人物， ----砍 刀，美食专家~~ 登场人物， ----腾云，又一美女~登场人物， ----骨气，赶牛哥~ 登场人物， ----风萧萧，体能哥~曾穿拖鞋从背崩走到墨脱 这里是喜马拉雅腹地，有3座海拔8000米以上的雪山，有10多个高山海子。在这片美丽神奇的土地上镶嵌着一片绿色的宝石，就是960万平方公里国土上的最后一片陆地孤岛——陈塘镇，陈塘峡谷区地处喜马拉雅山主脊南翼，是印度洋暖湿气流北上高原的重要通道，有3条河流朋曲、那当河、嘎玛藏布在此汇集后进入尼泊尔境内。那当河、嘎玛藏布为朋曲的两条支流。该流域地势差异大，有天然牧场和农田，牧有牦牛、犏牛及藏系绵羊，种有青稞、荞麦、鸡爪谷等农作物。陈塘与世隔绝，没有任何的外界侵扰，在宋代随着西夏王国覆灭而逃亡的党项王朝后裔在这里找到一个绝佳的安身之地，并用自已太阳般的热情与活力与其它民族融合，形成了神秘的独特的民族--夏尔巴人。他们利用惟一的交通工具牦牛，用自己坚韧的双手和嘹亮的歌喉在这里顽强的生存着，并创造着夏尔巴奇迹！也是这次徒步的最大诱惑！全体队员合影--从左至右后排：砍 刀、没钱不帅、劳拉、六折、风萧萧、临渊羡鱼、飞鸟、边界 前排：兔子、骨气、易水寒、腾云， 日照金山~继续更新... 决战雪山之巅 --兔子与鱼登场人物， ----临渊羡鱼，拳师~ 登场人物， ----腾云，美女调酒师~~后面的更新内容基本按照以下目录顺序来更新，详细攻略附之：第一天、拉萨-白坝第二天、白坝-曲当第三天、曲当-拉则第四天、拉则-邦布其第五天、邦布其-傲嘎第六天、傲嘎-巴当第七天、巴当-卓湘第八天、卓湘-沙基塘第九天、沙基塘-晓乌米第十天、晓乌米-陈塘第十一天、陈塘-定结第十二天、定结-拉萨营地小景※ 去西藏 ※这是我最近4年来第三次进藏，2012年5月，我们一行12人又一次踏上了西行的列车，经过近50个小时顺利到达圣城拉萨，一座属于天堂里的城市。世界屋脊的青藏高原充满了神奇，昆仑山、唐古拉、念青唐古拉，还有美丽的青海湖、可可西里、那曲草原。雪山脚下，天地之间，藏羚羊、黄羊、野驴、牦牛一路相伴。云那么白，天那么蓝！虽不是第一次进藏，可看到这高原美景就忍不住拿出相机咔嚓个不停。大脑也随之开始兴奋...※ 去西藏 ※西藏，正是为了那极致的美景，为了那蓝天、白云、雪山的圣洁，我们这群人才几乎每年都要聚在一起，带着一些痴迷、执着、坚毅和承诺，去亲近西藏运行，去领略大自然的神奇与博大，去找那一点点属于我们的幸福...远行，就这样在坐在车窗前，望着车窗外的白云，列车上播放着歌颂高原的曲子...我们一路来到拉萨※ 拉萨 ※ 回到了拉萨， 又见到了布达拉， 依然， 拉萨河轻轻流淌， 八廓街人来人往... 他正用偏执来抗拒这个不知是谁造就的乱世... 这就是信仰![费用]很多人比较关心费用问，先给大家说一下费用问，我们不是商业队伍，全部费用AA，队员兼任义务CFO，预算是从拉萨开始往返2000-3000元。以下为实际的花费，人均2000元左右，以供后人参考：拉萨-白坝，包车费3000元（司机：洛桑，13908906012，人不错），人均250元（嗯~ 别笑哦，赶巧了~） 白坝镇在318国道上，新定日（协格尔镇）的珠峰景区售票处就在白坝镇，如果去珠峰必须在此购买门票，去樟木、尼泊尔也可以在白坝镇停留。 包车最方便，可以从直接从酒店出发，13座依维柯3元/公里，车顶有行李架。拉萨到新定日县城单程504公里，包车按照往返1008公里收费，到白坝往返1000公里。 白坝物价较高，吃住较贵，吃一碗面都15元，住雪域E族饭店，间160元/天，24小时有热水（估计多数人怕高反，也不敢洗澡，嘿嘿~~）。 如果不包车，从拉萨坐车到日喀则80元，然后换乘去定日的班车70元，可节省100元，注意：从日喀则去定日的班车较少，如果赶不好时间点就要在日喀则多呆一天。 另外注意：在白坝有卖化石的藏民，千万别买，全假的。若真要留个纪念也罢，花5块钱买个当纪念品不错！当然你若有钱...白坝-曲当，包车费3000元（车主：尼玛才旦，13518924783，司机：桑杰，13889026202），人均又是250元（嗯~ 你就偷着笑吧~） 包车，其实也是定日县-曲当乡的班车，22座中巴，当地人从定日到曲当车票75元，但是车子不是每天都开，外地人在珠峰路切村检查站那查珠峰门票，有珠峰180元门票就可以放行，不去珠峰也得买票有点过份了，除非你有其他办法。（若有敬请分享~~） 班车老板就是利用这检查站多赚点汉人的钱（除非你长得象藏人，否则下车），不买票不放行，除非你有其他办法，包其他车也是。 最好的办法就是跟班车老板砍价了，可以让他包含从曲当乡到优帕村或伦珠林村的卡车费用，要知道他们在曲当找车会便宜很多。 在曲当住珠峰饭店，40元/床位。租牦牛费用，12320元，这是全程最大一笔费用，人均1026元。 建议从乡里提前联系好牦牛，一头70元/天，每头能驮运3个大包，本来我们计划租用6头牦牛，因季节原因牦牛中间无法吃到草，又多带了些牦牛的粮草（否则，牦牛会罢工的~~） 最终8头3个牦牛工，如果是环线出发地和结束地相同，费用按照实际发生天数计算，我们不是环线，从曲当进、陈塘出，计划徒步8天，给了他们16天的费用。 8x(8+3)x70=12320元 个人观点：当地老百姓比较纯朴，不要过于跟他们去计较这一点点费用，我们出去玩都买了保险，人家一路听你的跟着你翻山越岭，容易吗？陈塘费用，住宿40元。 到达陈塘之前没有任何费用，到陈塘镇，建议去品尝当地的鸡爪谷酒，镇上只能住政府安排地方，吃饭只有一家贵州人开的饭店（正在装修），山下藏嘎村能提供吃饭和住宿。 当然我们去陈塘就是为了从政府的厕所里看对面山谷里的绝美风景（注意：只有厕所那里能看到~~）。陈塘-拉萨， 从小的地方到大地方，车子会越来越多，一半就不用包车了，陈塘到定结班车70元/人，也不是每天都有，可以提前联系，人多就能来接你。 定结到日喀则80元/人，日喀则到拉萨80元/人。其中还包括一些FB费用（在陈塘喝了12桶鸡爪谷酒~~酒桶啊~~），日喀则、白坝、曲当、陈塘、定结等地全部饭店FB。人均2000元左右。※ 第一天、从拉萨出发 ※我要说：无需豪言壮语，我们只是跟随着前人的脚步，走了过来。感谢前人留下不少攻略，也算让我们有备而来吧。...最吸引我的当属那张措学仁玛三座雪山的倒影，就是冲它而去的...结果...这天，从陆青年旅社出发...我，已经习惯了高原，也喜欢上也高原，下火车到再出发，我们只在拉萨停留了一个晚上...早到的朋友已经从荒野那里每人准备好了2个气罐这是刚下火车时的情景 ~这哥俩像不像逃难的？~~要特别感谢在拉萨招待过我们的那位朋友
大芭蕉三区四区五区
杨轩豪过份美丽的文字仿佛在我日记里永远也找不到……朋友们可以想像，我和水哥两个人一句英语都不会说,唯一能记住的单词只有“HI”，在北美自驾行走了30天，4500公里，只凭借一台中文的北美地图和一个快译通词典……旅途中发生无数可笑的故事……本文分为几部分：1：Gregory美国寻根之旅2：优山美地国家公园3自驾9000里美国西海岸-人生必去的五十个地方 美国一号公路4：洛杉机星光大道环球影城 回到童年5：墨西哥的北美文化 误入红灯区6：上帝创造了克罗拉多大峡谷而他确住在赛多纳7：拉斯维加斯的夜 小赌输了4300美金8：走马观花游 韩国GREGORY美国寻根之旅-(一) 走马观花旧金山由美国GREGORY公司,北京CORA户外用品另售业商会,户外资料网WWW.8264.COM组织的GREGORY美国寻根之旅在十月九日圆满结束了七天的行程.我和水哥又接着开始了为期22天北美.墨西哥.韩国之旅.在美国与GG公司的创始人伟恩先生和GG公司的两位高管及CORA中国公司的总裁曾维刚先生一周的相处，让我重新定位了美国人在我心目中的印象,GG人的热情让我们感受了美国人的文明......我真诚希望曾总能代我邀请伟恩先生和他的同伴们来中国\西藏,也感受一下我们西藏人民的朴实和雪域高原明珠-拉萨的千年文化……9月23日晚十点整,好友老铁如约在北京国际机场接我.拉萨到北京五小时飞机座得我难受得要死,晚上不想再东西.急忙赶到位于北京东直门附近的如家快捷酒店.好朋友上水赶来帮我填明天的证表格.我拿出提早准备的一大堆申请用的材料,一点点整理.半夜十二点多送走了上水和老铁,定好了闹铃一个人静静的躺在床上,伴随着醉氧,晕晕沉沉的睡下了.9月24日,上水提前帮我约好的见面证时间是早上900,我七点就到达了美国大使馆门前排队,9点半正式面,事实证明原本准备的所有材料全没用,证官只看了邀请涵和我的登山照片,便顺利的拿到了美利坚合众国的证.感谢GG公司能顺利让我拿到美国证，为我日后的环球之旅助一臂之力！10月3日我们一行五人笛子.王微.杨伟.水哥乘坐大韩国航空的班机踏上了为期一周的GREGORY美国寻根之旅.....第一站是旧金山,美国时间上午十点，到达旧金山国际机场，早早到达等候我们的曾总驾驶着一台公羊商务车接着我们直奔旧金山市区.安排了位于渔人码头最近的豪华酒店，信息了一会我们自行走马观花的转了下渔人码头.晚上吃了中国餐,感受了旧金山酒吧的北美文化.事实证明后来我和水哥在墨西哥旅行的见闻比旧金山要猛得多…..这里的夜晚才真是北美文化的最高境界…..五个队员分别是：来自云南昆明的出租车行业兵（夜班司机）-水哥（现任云南某电子公程公司总经理）后来的自驾之旅证明他的驾驶技术。来自天津某奢侈品商场的实习导购员（试用期）-王微（现8264网络团队一员）来自四川小金县日隆镇双桥沟的野导游（无上岗证）-紫笛（中国户外著名策划人）来自四川理县毕棚沟的领队（实际上就是背夫，帮游客背东西）- 杨伟（8264 CEO）来自西藏墨脱县（唯一不通公路的县城）徒步向导（杨伟说实际上也是背夫）-喜力（现8264驴友大本营暮野驴舍、西藏高山牦牛探险公司总经理）水哥拍照，我们其它四个人笛子 王微 我 杨伟韩国机场转机中IT工作者们水哥在上网（注意他的发型很整齐，后面的文章我再发水哥一个月没剪的发型）曾总亲自驾车来接站走马观花的浏览了旧金山唐人街（水哥拍摄）某人在装酷，水哥在拍摄GREGORY美国寻根之旅-(二) 参观GG总部本次有幸参观了世界顶级品牌GREGORY公司总部，GREGORY的公司文化深深的感染了我们……我和GREGORY创始人伟恩GREGORY公司为我们每人量身订做了带有自己名字的背包M55帮8264的美国员工带来的礼物，一把非常精致的扇子伟恩为我们详细的说明了活动行程，可见GREGORY人对本次活动和我们来自中国朋友相当重视，GREGORY公司的大厅前台的接待人员很热情([]
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杨雅其在我心里，所谓的幸福就是：两个人，一辆车，满世界的美景。还有镜头里只有我的你！记忆中盛夏的婚礼和初秋启程的蜜月旅行，随着立冬节气的到来忽然就加快脚步离我远去了，是时候静下来好好做一个记录，记录这场从认识C同学的那一天起就无比期待的旅行。 有时候觉得和C同学的那场婚礼只是个华丽丽的幌子而已，并不代表要收心开始平淡的家庭生活，而是给了我一个正当的理由和C同学一起谋划一场远渡重洋的疯狂蜜月旅行——25天，从西到东，途经22个州，血格n次清零又迫于“长征”还没结束，只得用呈现在眼前的一个个壮丽景色努力让自己回血，开过雪原和荒漠，每天日夜兼程，行程13000公里，全无蜜月该有的闲适和甜蜜。只因为某一天你眼神清亮的看住我，说了句“想去”而已。行程路线图，第一次在地图上画出来的时候自己也被深深的震撼了一下，相对这个行程来说25天真的太短了，但是为了把有限的蜜月时间充分的利用起来，最大程度的看遍美国的美景，我们真的也是蛮拼的！微凉的西雅图的夜晚，美剧中无数次看到的太空针塔，看到它也算是实现了我多年的夙愿熊牙公路，确实算得上全美最险峻的高速公路，一路上看遍从林海到雪原的各种美景黄石公园东北门的lamar valley，在暮色的笼罩下变得格外温柔在这样荒芜人烟、鲜有车过的公路上 把车轮陷进了路边的沙土里，手机又没有信号，当时的心情，至今都还记得 很多朋友私信我，问我关于证和行程的事，私信回复太麻烦了，关于证可以加我QQ492107016，其实美国证很好办的，至于不会说英文，我觉得问不大C同学的小小梦想，娶了老婆还是要抱着裸女照相，我真是个宽容大度、温柔贤惠的好老婆。。。出发前，我本计划着这是一次两个摄影爱好者的旅行，相互学习摄影技术，木有想到就这么变成了你爱拍照我爱笑的世俗组合关于机票：由于这一次旅行终于不像前面的若干次那样说走就走，而是有一段不算短的准备时间，所以我们终于能享受到提前两个多月订票的幸福感（虽然我知道很多穷游大神都是提前半年订票的），去程我们买的是韩亚航空的机票，从北京经首尔飞旧金山，在首尔有一天的停留时间，两人共7500rmb；然后由于C同学突然脑子一热又很想去西雅图看看，所以我们又买了美联航的当天从旧金山飞西雅图的机票（我们真的是no zuo no die的典范啊）两人共1200rmb；回程就轻松多了，买了国航从华盛顿直飞北京的机票，两人共8500rmb，虽然跟有些大神淘到的廉价机票不能相比，但是由于航程的时间还是比较舒适合理的，所以我俩对这个票价还比较满意。关于证准备去美国旅游的话只要事情定下来第一件需要考虑的事情就是证，因为美国个人旅游给的时间是一年，在这一年期限里什么时候出发都可以，所以甚至不用考虑具体的行程，只要在面时准备一份简单的行程单就可以。而且只有证通过后才好安心订机票和酒店，所以越早越好。而且证是面时当场知道结果，干脆利落。Day 1盼望已久的蜜月终于开始了，醒来的时候脸上带着超灿烂的微笑~，早早爬起来继续打包前一天晚上没收拾完的行李，然后拿上两个大箱子和三个拎包奔去C同学的单位接上最后一秒钟还在打电话交接工作的C同学，速速赶往机场，托运了行李，坐在登机口，终于可以关掉手机了，暂时忘掉各种烦恼，好好享受两个人晃荡在异国他乡的幸福感等着登机的时候比较无聊所以拍了一下特地为这次行程去做的美甲，图案都是我自己设计的，从上到下依次是汉堡包、66号公路、纽约夜景和米国国旗，事实证明做个这种美甲还是有好处的，好多与当地人之间的交流都是从他们好奇的看我的指甲开始的。([]
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